Page 20 - Coespu 2018-4
P. 20

1
                 (Interpol, 2018)
               2
                 Ibid.
               3
                 Though beyond the scope of this paper the environmental impact of peacekeeping missions must be mentioned as they too can have serious
               negative consequences to those areas in which they operate. In order to alleviate the negative consequences of energy, water and wastewater,
               solid  waste,  and  environmental  management,  each  peacekeeping  mission  has  developed  an  environmental  actions  plan  that  attempts  to
               mitigate  the  damage  in  the  mission  area.   Peacekeepers  may  well  be  competitors  for  natural  resources,  particularly  water.   The  UN  has
               technical support for hazardous waste and other waste management issues through the Global Service Center (GSC) in Brindisi and REACT
               partnerships.    And, missions are looking at small projects, such as tree plantings, that can improve the environment and leave a positive
               reminder of a mission.
               4
                 Soutik Biswas, Bhopol Trial: Eight convicted over India Gas Disaster, BBC News, June 7, 2010, www.bbc.co.uk.
               5
                 Chris Arsenault, “International court to prosecute environmental crimes in major shift,” Reuters, September 15, 2016, 1.
               6
                 Alessandra Mistura, Is There Space for Environmental Crimes under International Criminal Law? Columbia Journal of Environmental Law, 43
               (1), 11 January 2018.
               7
                 United Nations Convention Against Transnational Organized Crime and the Protocols Thereto. United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, 2004.
               p. V. Retrieved 22 November 2018.
               8
                 Ibid.
               9
                 Ibid, 5.
               10
                  The  Hague  Good  Practices  on  the  Nexus  between  Transnational  Organized  Crime  and  Terrorism,  Global  Counterterrorism  Forum,
               www.theGCTF.org
               11
                 Ibid. 2.
               12
                 Alastair Leithead, Dozens of elephants killed near Botswana wildlife sanctuary. 3 Sep 2018. www.bbc.com/news/world‐africa
               13
                 Michael Dziedzic, Criminalized Power Structures: The Overlooked Enemies of Peace; New York: Rowman and Littlefield, 2016.
               14
                 Ibid., 7
               15
                 Ibid, 9.
               16
                 Deep Throat was an informant that helped reveal the Watergate scandal. In the documentary, All the President’s Men, he told the reporters
               to “follow the money.” This has become a catch phrase for uncovering corruption.
               17
                 The Global Initiative was founded in 2013 and is house in Geneva. It is a network of nearly 300 independent and global and regional experts
               promoting evidence based policy to counter transnational organized crime.
               18
                 Reinforcing Multilateral Approaches to Transnational Organized Crime by Strengthening Local Ownership and Accountability: Input to the
               High Level Independent Panel on Peace Operations,” Global Initiative against Transnational Organized Crime, February 2015, available from
               globalinitiative.net/wp‐content/uploads/2015/02/Global‐Initiative‐Input‐to‐the‐High‐Level‐Panel‐on‐Peacekeeping‐Operations‐Feb‐2015.pdf
               accessed on August 15, 2016.
               19
                 Diane Chido, Applying Intelligence Methods to Assess and Mitigate the Effects of Transnational Organized Crime on Peacekeeping, Carlisle,
               PA: The Peacekeeping & Stability Operations Institute, 2016, 8.
               20
                 Ibid, 54.
               21
                 Ibid, 55.
               22
                 Ibid, 48.
               23
                   United Nations Department of Peacekeeping Operations / Department of Field Support, Ref. 2017.07  Policy, Peacekeeping Intelligence, 2
               May 2017.
               24
                 UNSCR 2149 (2014); 2399 (2018)
               25
                 UNSCR 2409 (2018),www.peacekeeping.un.org
               26
                 UNSCR 2350 (2017), www.peacekeeping.un.org
               27
                 UNSCR 2155 (2014), www.peacekeeping.un.org
               28
                 UNSCR 2164 (2014), www.peacekeeping.un.org
               29
                 Sally S. Simpson, Carole Gibbs, Melissa Rorie, Lee Ann Slocum, Mark  A. Cohen, and Michael Vandenbergh. “An Empirical Assessment of
               Corporate Environmental Crime‐Control Strategies, Criminology, 103 (1), 236.
               30
                 Ibid, 236.
               31
                  Raymond  Paternoster,  “How  Much  Do  We  Really  Know  about  Criminal  Deterrence?”  Journal  of  Criminal  Law  and  Criminology,  100  (3),
               Summer 2010, 790.
               32
                 Ibid, 238.
               33
                 Ibid., 254
               34
                 Simpson, et al., Ibid., 239
               35
                 UN Police Division, INTERPOL, EU, OSCE, member states and many others have developed materials that can be used to build capabilities.
               36
                  The  Hague  Good  Practices  on  the  Nexus  between  Transnational  Organized  Crime  and  Terrorism,  Global  Counterterrorism  Forum,
               www.theGCTF.org
               37
                 Ibid.
               38
                 Ibid.
               39
                 Ibid.
               40
                 Ibid.




                                                            18
   15   16   17   18   19   20   21   22   23   24   25